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发表于 2005-3-3 09:59
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Accumulation/Distribution (聚/散) line
The Accumulation/Distribution Line was developed by Marc Chaikin to assess the cumulative flow of money into and out of a security. In order to fully appreciate the methodology behind the Accumulation/Distribution Line, it may be helpful to examine one of the earliest volume indicators and see how it compares.
In 1963, Joe Granville developed On Balance Volume (OBV), which was one of the earliest and most popular indicators to measure positive and negative volume flow. OBV is a relatively simple indicator that adds the corresponding period's volume when the close is up and subtracts it when the close is down. A cumulative total of the positive and negative volume flow (additions and subtractions) forms the OBV line. This line can then be compared with the price chart of the underlying security to look for divergences or confirmation.
In developing the Accumulation/Distribution Line, Chaikin took a different approach. OBV uses the change in closing price from one period to the next to value the volume as positive or negative. Even if a stock opened on the low and closed on the high, the period's OBV value would be negative as long as the close was lower than the previous period's close. Chaikin chose to ignore the change from one period to the next and instead focused on the price action for a given period (day, week, month). He derived a formula to calculate a value based on the location of the close, relative to the range for the period. We will call this value the "Close Location Value" or CLV. The CLV ranges from plus one to minus one with the center point at zero. There are basically five combinations:
CLV= [(C-L)-(H-C)]/(H-L);
1. If the stock closes on the high, the absolute top of the range, then the value would be plus one.
2. If the stock closes above the midpoint of the high-low range, but below the high, then the value would be between zero and one.
3. If the stock closes exactly halfway between the high and the low, then the value would be zero.
4. If the stock closes below the midpoint of the high-low range, but above the low, then the value would be negative.
5. If the stock closes on the low, the absolute bottom of the range, then the value would be minus one.
The CLV is then multiplied by the corresponding period's volume and the cumulative total forms the Accumulation/Distribution Line.
A/D= Cum(CLV*Volume);
A bullish signal is given when the Accumulation/Distribution Line forms a positive divergence. Be wary of weak positive divergences that fail to make higher reaction highs or those that are relatively young. The main issue is to identify the general trend of the Accumulation/Distribution Line. A two-week positive divergence may be a bit suspect. However, a multi-month positive divergence deserves serious attention.
Another means of using the Accumulation/Distribution Line is to confirm the strength or sustainability behind an advance. In a healthy advance, the Accumulation/Distribution Line should keep up or at the very least move in an uptrend. If the stock is moving up at a rapid clip, but the Accumulation/Distribution Line has trouble making higher highs or trades sideways, it should serve as an indication that buying pressure is relatively weak.
The same principles that apply to positive divergences apply to negative divergences. The key issue is to identify the main trend in the Accumulation/Distribution Line and compare it to the underlying security. Young negative divergences, or those that are relatively flat, should be looked upon with a healthy dose of skepticism.
[ Last edited by biobuck on 2005-3-3 at 10:02 ] |
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